Chapters 1-4
Review

Verbs: 

Verbs are the most important words in the sentence because it will tell you what person (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) and what number (singular, or plural) the subject of the sentence is. 

To conjugate a Latin verb (i.e. to put the Latin verb in all persons and numbers) you must follow three rules.  What are the 3 rules to conjugating a Latin verb?

1.  Find the _________________________.

2. Add the ________________________ ________________________.

3. Then, add the ________________________.

In order to find the stem of a verb, you must chop off the _______________ ending (i.e. the 2nd principle part of the verb).

To find the thematic vowel of a verb, you must look at the first letter of the _______________ ending.

The endings of a verb are:  _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Conjugate the verb specto, spectare.

  Singular   Plural

1st   ¬¬¬_______________  ¬¬¬_______________

2nd   ¬¬¬_______________  ¬¬¬_______________

3rd   ¬¬¬_______________  ¬¬¬_______________

There are also 3 ways to translate Latin verbs.  For example, laborat can be translated as he works, he is working, or he does work.  All 3 forms are acceptable.

Match the translation of laborat with its corresponding form.

1._____ he does work.    A.  simple

2. _____ he works.     B.  emphatic

3. _____ he is working    C.  progressive

Understanding the linking verbs est, sunt, erat, and erant.

Notice that in the form he is working, the linking verb “est” does not appear.  That is because in this sentence, “is” is used as a helping verb NOT as a linking verb which is the only time that “est” is used. 

THERE CAN ONLY BE ONE CONJUGATED VERB IN A SENTENCE!

The verbs est, sunt, erat, and erant are LINKING verbs, not HELPING verbs.  They will only be used if “is,” “are,” “was,” or “were” are the MAIN verbs in a sentence.

Example:   He was a farmer.  In this sentence, was in the main verb.

He was planting seeds.  In this sentence the main verb is planting.  That is what the farmer is doing.  In this sentence was is only helping in introducing the main verb.  Thus, it is a helping verb and not a linking verb, so erat would not be used.

Again, only if “is,” “are,” “was,” or “were” are the MAIN verbs in a sentence, then and only then will est, sunt, erat, and erant be used.

Practice:  identify whether the verbs “is,” “are,” “was,” or “were” are linking verbs, or helping verbs.  Then write the verb in Latin.

       LINKING/HELPING  CONJUGATED VERB

Ex.  Are they getting ready for the holidays?  helping    parant
       (are getting ready)  (3rd, plural)

1. My friends are here.    _______________  _______________

2. She was carrying many jars of water.  _______________  _______________

3. They were working very diligently.  _______________  _______________

4. Are your friends nice?    _______________  _______________

LINKING/HELPING  CONJUGATED VERB

5. Is he praising the Lord?   _______________  _______________

6. Was he a farmer?    _______________  _______________

7. They are preparing a feast.   _______________  _______________

8. We are watching the game.   _______________  _______________

9. She is so nice.     _______________  _______________

10. My friend was here.    _______________  _______________

NOUNS:
Unlike English, the noun’s position in a Latin sentence does not determine its function.  Sometimes the subject might appear AFTER the direct object!!  In order to determine the function of a Latin noun you must look at the noun’s _______________.

Only by looking at a noun’s ending, can you determine whether it is a subject or a direct object, or even whether it is singular or plural!!!

There are 3 components to Latin nouns.  The ending of a noun determines these 3 components which are:

1.  ____________________

2. ____________________

3. ____________________

There are 5 declensions of Latin nouns, but thus far we’ve learned the 1st declension which is predominately ____________________ in gender and the 2nd declension which is
____________________ in gender.

Nouns can NOT switched declensions or genders.  If a noun is 1st declension it may ONLY have the 1st declension endings.  If a noun is 2nd declension it may ONLY have the 2nd declension endings. 
YOU MUST LEARN TO WHICH DECLENSION A NOUN BELONGS!
 
Complete the chart with the correct endings:

   FIRST DECLENSION   SECOND DECLENSION
Singular Plural Singular Plural
   
Nominative _____ _____ _____ _____
   
Accusative _____ _____ _____ _____

If a noun has a nominative ending, that means it must function as the _______________ in the sentence. 
If a noun has the accusative ending, that means it must function as the ____________________ (2 words) in the sentence.

ADJECTIVES:
And adjective is a word that is modifying a ____________________.  In Latin, because word order does not determine function, it also does not determine what noun an adjective is modifying.  Adjectives may not even appear next to the noun it is modifying.  Therefore, in order to determine what noun an adjective is modifying, the two (noun and adjective) must agree in:

1. ____________________

2. ____________________

3. ____________________

Since we have only learned nouns of the 1st and 2nd declensions, and likewise have only learned adjectives in the 1st and 2nd declensions, the noun and adjective will have the EXACT same endings.  There is only ONE instance in which this is not true and that will be with the noun agricola. 

Agricola is a 1st declension noun; however, it is NOT feminine.  It is called a pain noun because it takes the 1st declension endings BUT it is masculine.  Thus, if an adjective modifies it, the adjective will take 2nd declension endings.

Write the nominative and accusative, singular and plural forms for “good farmer.”

Singular Plural
Nominative
 
Accusative